Researchers in Arizona State University’s MacroTechnology Works facility examine a solar cell.
As climate change becomes a more pressing problem worldwide, the race to develop sustainable power-generation technology is increasingly crucial. A new consortium of academic and industry partners, Tandems for Efficient and Advanced Modules using Ultrastable Perovskites, or TEAMUP, seeks to help mitigate climate change by making a new generation of solar technology commercially viable.
The three-year TEAMUP collaboration, which is planned to start in the fall of 2023, is supported by $9 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Energy. TEAMUP intends to maximize the performance and reliability of tandem solar panels for consumer use.
Tandem refers to solar panels that are made from a combination of two or more cell materials optimized to absorb different sections of the electromagnetic spectrum, or simply put, colors of light.
Halide perovskites are a family of materials that have shown tremendous potential for high performance and low production costs in solar cells. The name “perovskite” comes from the nickname for the materials’ crystal structure. Perovskites and silicon absorb different colors of sunlight, resulting in a greater combined efficiency than for panels made from either material alone.
Ultimately, the consortium hopes to use this emerging technology to put the U.S. at the forefront of solar technology manufacturing. The effort aligns with Arizona’s New Economy Initiative, which seeks to position the state as a hub for jobs in engineering, technology and advanced manufacturing.
The consortium’s work also aligns with the goals of ASU’s Advanced Materials, Processes, and Energy Devices, or AMPED, Science and Technology Center, which has photovoltaic, or solar, technology as one of its primary research thrusts.
Academic and government partners in the consortium include the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University; the University of Colorado Boulder; the University of California, Merced; Northwestern University and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
ASU’s involvement includes research groups run by Assistant Professor Nick Rolston and Associate Professors Mariana Bertoni and Zachary Holman, all electrical engineering faculty members in the School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, part of the Fulton Schools.
Efforts at the University of Colorado at Boulder, which leads the academic research efforts of the partnership, are run by Professor and James M & Catherine Patten Chair in Chemical Engineering Michael McGehee. Perovskite materials for solar panels are McGehee’s area of expertise.
“Mike McGehee was almost like a co-advisor to me when I was doing my doctoral degree at Stanford,” Rolston says. “I worked with several of his students in his lab quite frequently.”
Rolston estimates that although the University of Colorado leads the consortium’s academic investigations, ASU will play just as large a part in the research. Each ASU research group will play a different and complementary role: Rolston’s group will examine mechanical macro-level damage limits of the tandem silicon and perovskite panels, Bertoni’s group will focus on conducting X-ray characterization of micro-level structural strains during aging and Holman’s group will examine how to use the panels’ optoelectronic properties to generate as much electricity as possible.
Beyond Silicon, which specializes in tandem solar panel technology and was founded by Holman and ASU electrical engineering Assistant Research Professor Zhengshan Yu, is involved with the industry efforts to make the technology viable for commercial and consumer use. Swift Solar and Tandem PV, both tandem solar technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area and started by McGehee’s former students, round out the industry consortium members.
Under Holman’s guidance while a graduate student at ASU, Yu worked with McGehee to develop a tandem solar panel that set a power generation efficiency record. Now as CEO of Beyond Silicon, Yu and the other industry collaborators will focus on making tandem solar technology commercially viable by scaling it up from the small and commercially unviable sizes used in labs.
“The U.S. has lost its photovoltaic manufacturing prominence to countries in Asia,” Yu says. “Perovskite and silicon tandem technology is the next opportunity to return the U.S. to a leading position in photovoltaic manufacturing. This technology will make solar technology more affordable to decarbonize the grid and be a key energy generation technology for a sustainable future.”
The AMPED STC aids Yu through the Science and Technology Center Entrepreneurial Fellowship Program, which supports private sector entrepreneurship. AMPED provides funding to private sector projects that stimulate research and development in Arizona.
Yu believes that the TEAMUP public-private partnership is a great boost to help industry commercialize tandem solar technology.
“As scientific challenges still remain to make tandem panels commercially viable, a consortium of industry partners plus academic institutions is the best way to achieve that goal,” he says.
The ASU research groups will also provide opportunities to students from undergraduate to doctoral levels to conduct hands-on research. Rolston says that students in his group will take part in everything from producing panels to conducting durability testing and analysis.
“The techniques that my research group use basically involve breaking things apart,” Rolston says. “We use tensile testers that can rip apart the materials to understand how much energy that takes and what the weak point is.”
His group is looking to add more students to aid in the work, especially those in undergraduate and master’s degree programs. Involvement can fulfill project requirements for the Fulton Undergraduate Research Initiative and Master’s Opportunity for Research in Engineering programs, theses for ASU’s Barrett, The Honors College and master’s degree programs and more.
Bertoni hopes that the project’s findings help to de-risk this new technology, attracting businesses to invest in Arizona.
“I think that if we solve some of the reliability issues and show a path to manufacturability and long-term performance, these perovskite technologies will seed a lot of new ideas and businesses,” she says.
Rolston hopes those new businesses could find a home in Arizona, explaining that microelectronics manufacturing infrastructure is similar to that used for solar technology.
“Arizona has such strengths in semiconductors from companies like TSMC and Intel, along with expertise from the workforce,” he says. “I think Arizona would be the perfect place to produce solar panels, which would bring a lot of jobs to the state.”
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